昆虫和蜘蛛的电子显微照片(12P)

原文：Creepy crawlies: Amazing Scanning Electron Microscope pictures of insects and spiders

61岁的退休科学摄影师史蒂夫·克施迈斯内尔(Steve Gschmeissner)来自美国贝德福德。他用一架扫描电子显微镜(SEM)就能把昆虫的形象放大一百万倍。成像结果显示出一些爬行昆虫的3D外形细节，让人震惊不已。

Using a Scanning Electron Microscope, retired scientific photographer Steve Gschmeissner, 61, from Bedford, is able to magnify insects by up to a million times. The results show incredibly detailed images of creepy crawlies in 3D

A coloured scanning electron micrograph of the head of a human flea (Pulex irritans)
Picture: STEVE GSCHMEISSNER / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY/ BARCROFT MEDIA

A coloured scanning electron micrograph of the head of a yellow dung fly (Scatophaga stercoraria)
Picture: STEVE GSCHMEISSNER / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY/ BARCROFT MEDIA

A coloured scanning electron micrograph of the head of a Jumping Spider (family Salticidae)
Picture: STEVE GSCHMEISSNER / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY/ BARCROFT MEDIA

A coloured scanning electron micrograph of a fly
Picture: STEVE GSCHMEISSNER / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY/ BARCROFT MEDIA

A coloured scanning electron micrograph of the head of a tropical caterpillar (order Lepidoptera)
Picture: STEVE GSCHMEISSNER / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY/ BARCROFT MEDIA

A coloured scanning electron micrograph of the underside of the head of a froghopper (superfamily Cercopoidea)
Picture: STEVE GSCHMEISSNER / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY/ BARCROFT MEDIA

Coloured scanning electron micrograph of a dog flea (Ctenocephalides canis)
Picture: STEVE GSCHMEISSNER / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY/ BARCROFT MEDIA

A coloured scanning electron micrograph of a common wasp (Vespula vulgaris) head
Picture: STEVE GSCHMEISSNER / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY/ BARCROFT MEDIA

A coloured scanning electron micrograph of a wasp’s head (order Hymenoptera)
Picture: STEVE GSCHMEISSNER / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY/ BARCROFT MEDIA

A coloured scanning electron micrograph of the head of a soldier turtle ant (Cephalotes sp.) from the Amazonian rainforest
Picture: STEVE GSCHMEISSNER / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY/ BARCROFT MEDIA

A coloured scanning electron micrograph of the head of a honey bee (Apis sp.)
Picture: STEVE GSCHMEISSNER / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY/ BARCROFT MEDIA

A coloured scanning electron micrograph of the head of a bedbug (Cimex sp.)
Picture: STEVE GSCHMEISSNER / SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY/ BARCROFT MEDIA

如何训练蜜蜂探测爆炸物

作者：Julia Layton

译者：WideBridge

几十年来，警察和军事人员一直在利用狗来嗅出爆炸物。不过，据美国国防部高级研究实验室（DARPA）的科学家透露，他们自1999年以来一直在探索利用蜜蜂来从事这项工作，因为在嗅觉上，蜜蜂完全可以接受狗的挑战。这些长相相似、整天嗡嗡嚷嚷的昆虫，为了酿造蜂蜜，在空气中探测花粉的分子微粒早就成了它们的拿手好戏，追踪用于制造炸弹材料的痕迹根本难不在话下。那么如何训练它们像对花粉那样也对TNT炸药作出反应？

很简单。像训练动物一样对待它们：把某种特定的刺激与奖赏联系起来。我们知道，巴甫洛夫训狗时，把食物的气味与铃声关联在一起，结果铃声一响，狗就会流口水。在洛斯阿拉莫斯国家实验室，那里的研究人员正在把蜜蜂用于军事目的。他们把含有炸弹成份气味的物质掺和到糖水中，让蜜蜂扩大自己的嗅觉范围。结果当它们嗅到炸药气味时，以为追踪到了甜蜜蜜的花粉。这个适应的过程并不需要花很长时间。蜜蜂仅仅接触了几次含有炸药蒸发成份的糖水，马上就将两者联系在一起了。

蜜蜂-植物园

幻海色觉（http://blog.sina.com.cn/chris223）在植物园拍摄的蜜蜂

摄影器材：CANON-30D；镜头：百微